What is the most common cause of hearing loss?

The most common causes of hearing loss are ageing (presbycusis) and long-term exposure to loud noise, both of which damage the delicate hair cells of the inner ear. Other causes include ear wax build-up, ear infections, certain medications and genetics. Because causes differ, an audiologist's assessment helps identify the right approach for you.

Ageing (presbycusis)

Age-related hearing loss develops gradually as the inner ear's hair cells naturally wear over time. It typically affects higher pitches first, which is why consonants and speech clarity often fade before someone notices a general loss of volume. It usually affects both ears and progresses slowly over years.

Long-term noise exposure

Repeated exposure to loud sound can damage the same inner-ear hair cells as ageing does. This includes sound from work, machinery, music or firearms, and the effect is cumulative over a lifetime. This is called noise induced hearing loss. Unlike some other causes, it is largely preventable with hearing protection in loud environments.

Other common causes: ear wax, medication and genetics

• Ear wax build-up, which can temporarily reduce how much sound reaches the eardrum
• Ear infections, which can cause temporary or, less commonly, lasting changes
• Certain medications, sometimes called an ototoxic medication, which your GP or pharmacist can advise on
• Genetics, which can contribute to hearing loss at any age

Can hearing loss have more than one cause?

Yes. It is common for age-related change and long-term noise exposure to overlap in the same person, and a build-up of ear wax can add a further, more easily treated layer on top of an existing permanent loss. This is another reason a full hearing test, rather than guessing at a single cause, is the most reliable starting point.

Why does the cause of hearing loss matter?

Identifying the cause guides the right response. Hearing loss from wax or infection is often temporary and treatable, while age- or noise-related hearing loss is usually permanent but highly manageable with modern hearing aids and other technology. A hearing test is the clearest way to find out which applies to you.

For more information, visit Healthdirect (healthdirect.gov.au) (opens in a new tab).

Sources: Healthdirect; World Health Organization. Information current July 2026 and general in nature.